O FAQtos está em curso no INOV-INESC, tendo como objectivo disponibilizar publicamente informação relevante sobre radiação electromagnética em comunicações móveis (...)

Outras Fontes de Radiação Não-Ionizante

Título	Artificial Tanning Sunbeds: risk and guidance
Resumo	This is a practical guide, prepared by Craig Sinclair, World Health Organization (WHO), intended for government health authorities, to assist them in the development of public health policy in relation to sunbeds. In general, sunbeds predominantly emit UVA radiation, which is thought to be the least damaging of the UV radiation spectrum. However in recent years, sunbeds have been manufactured that produce higher levels of UVB to mimic the solar spectrum and speed the tanning process. Overexposure to UV radiation from the sun and artificial sources is of considerable public health concern. UV radiation plays an important role in the development of skin cancer, cataracts, and other eye conditions, and suppresses the immune system. Cumulative UV radiation also results in premature skin ageing. Estimates from the WHO show that sun exposure may have been a key contributor to the development of cataracts in up to 20% of people who have cataracts. While WHO does not recommend the use of UV tanning devices for cosmetic purposes, it is recognized that sunbeds continue to be available to the public. For this reason there is a need for guidance to reduce the risks associated with their use.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	Craig Sinclair, World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Janeiro 2003

Título	Biological and Health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from Video Display Terminals
Resumo	Video display terminals (VDTs) are commonly used for information display together with a computer and keyboard. Questions have been raised about adverse health effects associated with the electric and magnetic fields found near the cathode ray tube (CRT) used in a VDT. Television receivers also use CRTs in a similar fashion but concerns about health effects have centered on the VDT, perhaps because it is usually used in closer proximity. Neither laboratory nor epidemiological research has shown convincing evidence that the electromagnetic fields emanating from VDTs adversely affected the health of VDT operators. Studies of effects on pregnant women using VDTs have failed to establish a link between VDT fields and miscarriages or birth defects. However, not all research issues have been settled and it will be valuable for research to continue until it is possible to come to a still firmer conclusion. This paper addresses health issues related to the electric and magnetic fields of VDTs. It was developed by the Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR ) of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE ), and represents the considered judgment of an international group with expertise in the subject area. It updates an earlier statement on this topic that was issued in August 1990.
Fonte	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	IEEE - COMAR
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Disponível online
Referência
Data	Janeiro 1997

Título	Broadcast Towers and Health
Resumo	The Committee on Electromagnetic Energy Public Health Issues, includes representatives from the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, ARPANSA, the Australian Communications Authority (ACA) and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). The information in the EME series fact sheets has been prepared to help explain the current thinking on mobile phone communications and health, and is based on substantiated scientific research.
Fonte	Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)
Origem	Austrália
Autor/Editor	ARPANSA
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência	ARPANSA Fact Sheet – Broadcast Towers and Health
Data	Março 2015

Título	Effects of EMF on the Environment
Resumo	This information sheet summarizes the current scientific understanding on the effects of exposure to EMF fields on the living environment, across the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequency range 0-300 GHz. This range covers all frequencies that are emitted into the environment through use of EMF technology. Recommendations are also given for further research to fill gaps in knowledge needed to better assess EMF environmental impacts.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Fevereiro 2005

Título	Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated With the Use of Electric Power, Questions and Answers
Resumo	Electricity powers our appliances, office equipment, and countless other devices that we use to make life safer, easier, and more interesting. Use of electric power is something we take for granted. However, some have wondered whether the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) produced through the generation, transmission, and use of electric power power-frequency EMF, 50 or 60 hertz (Hz)? might adversely affect our health. Numerous research studies and scientific reviews have been conducted to address this question.EMF exposures are complex and exist in the home and workplace as a result of all types of electrical equipment and building wiring as well as a result of nearby power lines. This booklet explains the basic principles of electric and magnetic fields, provides an overview of the results of major research studies, and summarizes conclusions of the expert review panels to help you reach your own conclusions about EMF-related health concerns.
Fonte	National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) EMF Research and Public Information Dissemination Program (EMF-RAPID)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	EMF-RADIP
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	niehs.nih.gov
Referência
Data	Junho 2002

Título	Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health - Static electric and magnetic fields
Resumo	Comprehensive information provided by the World Health Organization on static electromagnetic fields, their impact on health, as well as the current exposure standards and recommended precautions.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	WHO
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento HTML
Referência	WHO Fact Sheet No. 299
Data	Março 2006

Título	Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health - Static electric and magnetic fields
Resumo	The International EMF Project of the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently reviewed the health implications of high static field exposure and highlighted the importance of public health protection for medical staff and patients (particularly children and pregnant women) and workers in industries producing high field magnets (Environmental Health Criteria, 2006).
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	WHO
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento HTML
Referência	Fact Sheet 299
Data	Janeiro 2006

Título	Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Additional Information for Radio andTelevision Broadcast Stations
Resumo	This document is designed to be used in connection with the FCC’s OET Bulletin 65, Version 97-01. The information in this document provides additional detailed information that can be used for evaluating compliance of AM and FM radio broadcast stations as well as of television broadcast stations with FCC guidelines for exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. However, users of this document should also consult Bulletin 65 for complete information on FCC policies, guidelines, compliance-related issues and methods for achieving compliance.
Fonte	Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	Robert F. Cleveland, Jr., David M. Sylvar, Jerry L. Ulcek
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência	SUPPLEMENT A (Edition 97-01) to OET BULLETIN 65
Data	Agosto 1997

Título	Extremely Low Frequency Fields - Environmental Health Criteria Monograph No.238
Resumo	This EHC addresses the possible health effects of exposure to extremely low frequency (>0 Hz – 100 kHz) electric and magnetic fields. By far the majority of studies concern the health effects resulting from exposure to power frequency (50–60 Hz) magnetic fields; a few studies address the effects of exposure to power frequency electric fields. In addition, a number of studies have addressed the effects of exposure to the very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) switched gradient magnetic fields used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and, more commonly, the weaker VLF fields emitted by visual display units (VDU’s) and televisions.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	WHO
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento HTML
Referência	EHC Monograph 238
Data	Janeiro 2007

Título	Guidance on determining compliance of exposure to pulsed and complex non-sinusoidal waveforms below 100 kHz with ICNIRP guidelines
Resumo	The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has published guidelines for limiting exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (ICNIRP 1998a, b) and has provided frequency dependent basic restrictions and reference levels from which a hazard assessment for exposures to electric and magnetic fields can be made. This document provides clarification for assessing compliance with the guidelines for pulsed and complex non-sinusoidal waveforms with frequency components predominantly up to 100 kHz. The approaches described may be helpful to product standards setting bodies concerned with metrology. In the frequency range up to 100 kHz there are a number of sources of non-sinusoidal magnetic fields with the potential to exceed the reference levels for exposures specified in the ICNIRP guidelines. Common sources include electronic article surveillance gates, demagnetizers, electronic security systems, and metal detectors, and these generate predominantly magnetic fields. Therefore, this statement focuses mainly on magnetic fields; however, this can be readily extended to electric fields.
Fonte	International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	ICNIRP
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Março 2003

Título	Interim Guidelines on Limits of Human Exposure to Airborne Ultrasound
Resumo	These guidelines are primarily aimed at protection against exposure from devices emitting limited to frequencies having one-third-octave bands and guidance is given on limits of human exposure to airborne acoustic energy in the ultrasound range. Adverse health effects of exposure to airborne acoustic energy at levels normally encountered have been reported only at frequencies below 100 kHz and nearly all below 50 kHz. Thus, this standard has been limited to frequencies having one third-octave bands with mid frequencies from 20 kHz to 100 kHz.
Fonte	International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Janeiro 1984

Título	Intermediate Frequencies (IF)
Resumo	A relatively small number of studies has been conducted on the biological effects or health risks of IF fields. This is due, in part, to the fact that fewer types of devices produce fields in this frequency range. But because these devices now have a high consumer and industrial market penetration, it is important to evaluate their impact on human health. This information sheet addresses the known health effects of IF fields, and offers recommendations for further study.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Fevereiro 2005

Título	INTERSUN - The Global UV Project - A guide and compendium to reduce the burden of disease resulting from exposure to UV radiation while enjoying the sun safely
Resumo	This document is intended for national and local authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in the area of UV radiation and sun protection. It highlights INTERSUN’s priority activities and publications. The purpose of this document is to provide information from INTERSUN that can be used to develop and implement integrated public health programmes, which reduce health risks from excessive UV radiation exposure. An important objective is to facilitate the harmonization of national activities and coordination of international activities through the use of the Global Solar UV Index and its associated health protection messages.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	Radiation and Environmental Health Unit, World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência	ISBN 92 4 159105 6
Data	Janeiro 2003

Título	Manual for Measuring Occupational Electric and Magnetic Field Exposures
Resumo	The purpose of this manual is to assist investigators in developing methods for occupational exposure assessments for electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Scientific reports that associate EMF with increased risks of various diseases have led to exposure assessments for the purposes of research, source assessment, and the surveillance of worker exposures. To provide guidance for these studies, methods that have been used successfully to measure EMF are summarized and presented in a standard format. The scope of the manual is methods for measuring occupational EMF with frequencies below 30 kHz. This covers most fields resulting directly from DC or 50/60 Hz AC electricity, as well as common electric and electronic equipment such as Video Display Terminals (VDT). In this manual, exposure assessment protocols are classified either as complete methods or partial methods. Complete methods are sets of instructions for the sampling strategy, calibration, measurement, data management and calculation of EMF exposure metrics. The exposure metric and other information about the method are contained in a summary table accompanied by a critique of the method’s strengths and weaknesses. Partial methods are essentially parts of a full method that emphasize important aspects of EMF exposure assessments: sampling strategies, spot measurement surveys, personal monitoring, area monitoring, measuring EMF characteristics, measuring EMFs from sources, walkthrough monitoring, quality control, calibration, data management, and calculating exposure metrics. By combining aspects of these complete and partial methods, industrial hygienists and other investigators can assemble protocols specifically tailored to assess EMF exposures for different purposes, applications, and work environments.
Fonte	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	Bowman et al.
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	cdc.gov
Referência	NIOSH Publication No. 98-154
Data	Outubro 1998

Título	Microwave ovens
Resumo	This Information Sheet discusses the operation and safety aspects of microwave ovens used in the home. More details about the nature of electromagnetic fields and health effects of radiofrequency and microwave fields are available in WHO Fact Sheets 182 and 183.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Fevereiro 2005

Título	Microwave Ovens and their Hazards
Resumo	Information Sheet discussing the operation and safety aspects of microwave ovens used in the home.
Fonte	Canadia Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)
Origem	Canadá
Autor/Editor	CCOHS
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento HTML
Referência
Data	Novembro 2004

Título	NIEHS Report on Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields
Resumo	In 1992, under the Energy Policy Act (PL 102-486, Section 2118), the U.S. Congress instructed the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to direct and manage a program of research and analysis aimed at providing scientific evidence to clarify the potential for health risks from exposure to ELF-EMF. This resulted in formation of the EMF Research and Public Information Dissemination Program (EMF-RAPID Program). The EMF-RAPID Program had three basic components: 1) a research program focusing on health effects research primarily through mechanistic studies of ELF-EMF and engineering research targeting measurement, characterization and management of ELF-EMF; 2) information compilation and dissemination through brochures, public outreach and an ELF-EMF information line for communicating with the public; and 3) a health assessment including an analysis of the research data aimed at summarizing the strength of the evidence for evaluation of any hazard possibly arising from exposure to ELF-EMF. The NIEHS was directed to oversee the health effects research and evaluation and the DOE was given responsibility for engineering research aimed at characterizing and mitigating these fields. Under the Energy Policy Act, the Director of the NIEHS is mandated upon completion of the EMF-RAPID Program to provide a report outlining the possible human health risks associated with exposure to ELF-EMF. This document responds to this requirement of the law.
Fonte	National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) EMF Research and Public Information Dissemination Program (EMF-RAPID)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	Dr. Kenneth Olden
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência	NIH Publication No. 99-4493
Data	Maio 1999

Título	NIOSH publications on video display terminals
Resumo	This publication is a collection of NIOSH studies and statements on all kinds of health effects from working with VDTs, including studies that found no link between their EMF emissions and reproductive effects.
Fonte	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	NIOSH
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	cdc.gov
Referência	NIOSH Publication No. 99-135 (3rd ed., 1999)
Data	Setembro 1999

Título	Possible Health Risks to the General Public from the Use of Security and Similar Devices
Resumo	The objective of this executive summary is to address the possible adverse effects on public health from exposure to pulsed and continuous wave (cw) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) associated with the use of electronic security and similar devices. The document summarises the results of the Concerted Action QLK4-1999-01214 “Development of advice to the EC on the risk to health of the general public from the use of security and similar devices employing pulsed and continuous electromagnetic fields” within the program Quality of Life (QoL), Key Action 4 “Environment and Health” of the Fifth Framework Programme of the European Commission (EC) (full report: ICNIRP 12/2002, ISBN: 3-934994-01-6). The document will provide advice to the EC and European Members States as an input to policy development. Secondary objectives include: a review of the scientific evidence of possible harm to human health from EMF exposure relevant to fields at the operating frequencies of such devices; a review of the applicability and limitations of currently available exposure assessment techniques and recommendations for future health risk assessment and research priorities.
Fonte	International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	ICNIRP
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	icnirp.org
Referência
Data	Janeiro 2002

Título	Safe Use of Lasers
Resumo	standard represents the most comprehensive laser safety information available and is designed to assist laser users in developing laser safety programs. ANSI Z136.1 provides complete information on laser classifications, hazard analysis and control measures needed for the development of a comprehensive laser program. A must for all laser users.
Fonte	American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Disponibilidade	Disponível por encomenda
Link	www.lasersafety.org
Referência	ANSI Z136.1 (2000)
Data	Janeiro 2000

Título	Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification, requirements and user guide
Resumo	Deals with the safety of laser products. Covers laser radiation in the wavelength range 180 nm to 1 mm, indicates safe working levels of laser radiation and introduces a system of classification of lasers and laser products according to their degree of hazard. Replaces IEC 60825 (1984) and IEC 60820 (1986). Has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
Fonte	International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	IEC Technical Committee 76
Disponibilidade	Disponível por encomenda
Link	iec.ch
Referência	IEC 60825-1:2014
Data	Maio 2014

Título	Static and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Fields
Resumo	Presentation from World Health Organization, that reviews our current state of knowledge of fields that are either static or have a frequency below 300 Hz. These frequencies are particularly important from a public health standpoint because of their widespread use for the generation and transmission of electrical power.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento PDF
Referência
Data	Janeiro 2004

Título	Static Fields - Environmental Health Criteria Monograph No.232
Resumo	This monograph represents the most thorough health risk assessment ever undertaken for the static magnetic fields that are being increasingly used in medicine, industry and comerce.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	WHO
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento HTML
Referência	EHC Monograph 232
Data	Janeiro 2006

Título	The Risk Evaluation - An Evaluation of the Possible Risks From Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) From Power Lines, Internal Wiring, Electrical Occupations and Appliances
Resumo	The Risk Evaluation analyzes the potential human health risks of magnetic field exposure. Specifically, this document provides an evaluation of the animal, laboratory and human evidence that shows how exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields may or may not increase human health risks. The Risk Evaluation is based on the results of published research studies, with emphasis on new studies, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Working Group Report, and the results of the California EMF Program Studies.
Fonte	California EMF Program
Origem	Estados Unidos da América
Autor/Editor	Raymond Neutra, Vincent DelPizzo, Geraldine Lee
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Risk Evaluation online
Referência
Data	Junho 2002

Título	Ultraviolet Radiation and Health
Resumo	Web page with information on several topics about ultraviolet (UV) radiation: basics, environmental factors that influence the UV level, ozone depletion and UV-related health effects.
Fonte	World Health Organization (WHO)
Origem	Internacional
Autor/Editor	World Health Organization (WHO)
Disponibilidade	Disponível online
Link	Documento HTML
Referência
Data	Janeiro 2003

destaques

08.08.2019

Novidades para breve....

O FAQtos deseja-vos boas férias…. mas fiquem atentos (…)

Ver mais

12.07.2019

Prémio FAQtos 2019: Resultados Finais

Podem consultar aqui o Resumo desta edição, com os (…)

Ver mais

10.07.2019

VENCEDORES dos 1º, 2º e 3º lugares no Prémio FAQtos 2019

(…)

Ver mais

faq's

glossário